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EVB7068505: Richmond, Virginia, the James River, and the Kanawha Canal, as seen from the hill above the waterworks, c. 1830. In center left is the white classical Virginia State Capitol. Engraving by William James Bennett, from a painting by George Coke (aquatint), Bennett, William James (1787-1844) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7068507: Bridgeport, Connecticut as seen from Old Mill Hill, c. 1857, hand-colored lithograph by Walter Staengel. In the second half of the 19th century, Bridgeport industrialized. The US Civil War spurred the development of iron foundries, firearms and ammunition manufacturing, and horse harnesses. Its factories made sewing machines, for the domestic and international markets. At lower right, 'obsolete' water-powered mill, contrasts with the fossil-fueled factories expelling dark smoke (lithograph), Staengel, Walter (fl. 1857) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7068511: Mexican American War. The Battle of Buena Vista, Feb. 23-24, 1847, was the largest and deadliest battle of the war. 20,000 Mexican soldiers, plus camp followers attacked the US forces, of 4,500. Both armies were made up of mostly green volunteers or conscripts. After one day of battle, the US suffered 700 casualties (dead or wounded) and the Mexicans over 1,500. The Mexican army silently evacuated the battlefield on the night of Feb. 23-24, to return south to their headquarters at San Luis Potosi. Upon arrival, Santa Anna displayed captured US battle flags and captured cannons as proof of his 'victory' (lithograph) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067514: American Revolution. Battle of Trenton, Dec. 25-26, 1776. Fighting in Trenton between the Continential Army and Hessian mercenaries garrisoned at Trenton, New Jersey. The battle was fought in the streets with cannons, bayonets, and bullets. After the serious defeat in the New York Campaign, the American victory at Trenton improved Continential Army moral and enlistments. George Washington appears left to center in a dark cloak, on a horse (lithograph) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067519: American Revolution. 'The Death of General Mercer at Battle of Princeton, Jan. 3, 1777.' by John Trumbull. Scottish born Hugh Mercer was a veteran of the French and Indian War and a friend of George Washington. Unhorsed in the battle, he was mortally wounded after drawing drew his sword to resist capture. Behind Mercer, Washington enters the scene to lead the final charge of the victorious battle (oil on canvas), Trumbull, John (1756-1843) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067523: American Revolution. Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, Winter 1777. General George Washington and Lafayette visiting the soldiers quarters at Valley Forge. Of the 12,000 men who camped here in Dec. 1777, 2,500 soldiers died at the camp. Malnutrition, limited clothing, and primitive shelters contributed to the toll / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067525: Major General Friedrich Wilhelm, aka Baron von Steuben, trained the Continential Army soldiers at Valley Forge in 1778. He stressed training in the use of their bayonets. He created the first manual for the Continential Army, entitled, 'U.S. Army: Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States' (oil on canvas) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067533: French and Indian War, Battle of Lake George, Sept. 8, 1755. This is a visual description of the battle by Samuel Blodget, an eye witness. It depicts the army of New Englanders, New Yorkers, and Mohawks, led by Sir William Johnson, in battle with the French and their Indian allies. They blocked the French army's, advance south from Lake Champlain. The two illustration panels shows the 'First Engagement', the battle of the morning of September 8, when Johnson's forces were ambushed by the French and suffered heavy losses. On right is 'Second Engagement' showing Johnson's victory over the French. After the battle, Johnson's forces built Fort William Henry, at the Lake George's southern end (engraving) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067544: Henderick Peters Theyanoogin, King Hendrick, the great Mohawk sachem, wearing European style military uniform, holding a hatchet and wampum belt. Hendrick negotiated peace between the Six Nations and Great Britain at the Albany Conference of 1754. He was killed during the Battle of Lake George on September 8, 1755 (engraving) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067553: American Revolution. Naval battle between the British ship, Serapis, captained by Captain Richard Pearson, and John Paul Jones' Bonhomme Richard and his squadron ship Alliance, on Sept. 23, 1779. The 6 hour battle began at 7 PM, and ended when a single grenade thrown from Bonhomme Richard's rigging, ignited loose powder on the Serapis. While Capt. Pearson's lost his ship, his mission was protecting a British convoy. Since the Bonhomme Richard was disabled, Pearson accomplished his mission / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067558: Colonel Benedict Arnold was appointed commander of West Point in July 1780 by George Washington. Three month later his treason to surrender the fort to the British was exposed when British Major John Andre was captured. Arnold was protected and taken into the British Army as a Brigadier General. After the war, he lived in exile in Britain and Canada (print) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067568: American Revolution. Siege of Charleston, March 29-May 12, 1780. Charleston surrendered to British forces led by Commander in Chief, Sir Henry Clinton after a 42 day siege. After British failure to subdue the rebellion in the northern states in 1777, they launched a 'Southern Strategy' with the capture of Savannah, Georgia and Charleston, South Carolina (engraving), Chappel, Alonzo (1828-87) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067574: American Revolution. Francis Marion, aka 'Swamp Fox', and his irregular Patriot volunteers rafting cross the Pedee River in the back county of South Carolina, c. 1778-1782. Marion held Continental Army and South Carolina militia commissions, with authorized his military actions, which including harassing loyalist militia men, distracting the British with surprise attacks, quick withdrawals, and guerilla tactics (engraving) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067583: American Revolution. Surrender British army commanded by Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia, Oct. 19, 1781. In center, British Gen. Charles O'Hara, Cornwallis' adjutant, surrendered his sword to mounted Major Gen. Benjamin Lincoln, Washington's second-in-command. Generals Rochambeau and Washington are behind the central group, mounted, standing apart from the larger group of French officers (on left) and Americans (on right). Standing 4th from right is Alexander Hamilton (oil on canvas) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067587: American Revolution. Popular print depicts the Surrender British at Yorktown, Virginia, Oct. 19, 1781. Lord Cornwallis was not at the ceremony, but his sword was carried by adjutant, Gen. Charles O'Hara, who was required to surrender it to an officer of his own rank, Washington's adjutant, Gen. Benjamin Lincoln (lithograph) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067591: American Revolution. Surrender of the British army commanded by Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Virginia, Oct. 19, 1781. In the foreground the commanders witness the ranks of troops parading during the ritual of a military 'full honors' surrender which permitted capitulating army to march out with drums beating and flags flying. At right is the French fleet that prevented the English Navy from evacuating the British forces (engraving) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067601: American Revolution. Watercolor by French soldier, Jean Baptiste Antoine de Verger, of four Continental Army soldiers at the siege of Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. From left to right: African American of the First Rhode Island Regiment; New England militiaman; frontier rifleman wearing a cloth, probably linen, Virginia hunting shirt, with fringe; French officer in a blue coat with red facing. Three of the uniforms have 'shoulder belts', worn over the shoulder and across the body to carry the cartridge box, and another for the bayonet (watercolour), Verger, Jean Baptiste Antoine de (1762-1851) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067615: Medal of Honor recipient, Sergeant Thomas Plunkett, Co. E, 21st Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, with a tattered battle flag. He was wounded at the Battle of Fredericksburg, 1862, when a cannon blast took away both of his arms. He then pressed the flag against his chest with what remained of his arms until another color guard took the flag / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067619: American Revolution. Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. On May 7, Washington issued a General Order requiring loyalty oaths be administered to Continential Army officers at Valley Forge. The oath read, 'I do acknowledge the United States of America to be Free, Independent, and Sovereign States, and declare that the people thereof owe no allegiance or obedience to George the Third,&I do swear that I will to the utmost of my power, support, maintain, and defend the said United States, against the said King George the Third' / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067626: US Civil War nurse, Helen L. Gilson, and head of the Union Colored Hospital Service, c. 1861-65. She served wounded soldiers of the battles of Yorktown, Antietam, Gettysburg, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Petersburg. She improved bad conditions at the African American soldiers' hospital at Petersburg / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067631: Quaker missionary, Sybil Jones, nursed Union soldiers and Confederate prisoners in Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. Before the War, she and her husband Eli, traveled to Europe, African, and China as missionaries. Their story is told in the book, ELI AND SYBILL JONES: THEIR LIFE AND WORK, 1889, by Jones, Rufus Matthew Jones / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067635: American Revolution. The Battle of Germantown, Oct. 4, 1777. British General William Howe, divided his army, leaving 3,000 to garrison Philadelphia, while 9,000 camped at nearby Germantown. With 11,000 soldiers, Washington planned a surprise attack, which was flawed by an overly complex battle plan and hampered by fog. The American operation collapsed in the attack on Judge Chew's House, but Washington and the army managed to escape back to Valley Forge / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067636: American Revolution, Battle of Wyoming, Pennsylvania, July 3, 1778. In 1778, irregular warfare against the American frontier moved into the Allegheny and Susquehanna River Valleys of Pennsylvania. At Wyoming, a battle between American Patriots and Loyalists with Iroquois, turned into the 'Wyoming Massacre', in which over 300 people died. Most of the dead belonged to the local militia who violated an earlier parole, prohibiting their future military activity against the British. In retaliation, the 1779 Sullivan Expedition, destroyed 40 Iroquois villages, in New York State, resulting in devastating death and starvation / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067643: American Revolution, Battle of Long Island, August 27, 1776. The outnumbered and inexperienced Continental Army retreat across Gowanus Creek. 10,000 Continential suffered 300 killed, 800 wounded, and over 1,000 captured. The British force of regular soldiers and Hessians of 20,000, lost 64 killed, 293 wounded, and 31 missing / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067647: View of Boston with 8 British frigates, anchored in the harbor in 1774. The Boston Port Act, was passed by the Parliament of Great Britain, March 31, 1774, and took effect on June 1, 1774. In addition to closing the port, it required the city's residents pay for the nearly $1 million (21st c. money) for the tea dumped during the Boston Tea Party / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067655: American Revolution, Battle of Concord, April 19, 1775. Combat between the Massachusetts Militia and British Army on their retreat to Boston after destroying colonial weapons and munitions at Concord. Americans are firing from a protected position behind a wall, at British soldiers in close formation march on a road. At the end of day of battle and retreat, the British suffered 300 casualties against 88 for the Americans (engraving) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067658: View of the attack on Bunker's Hill, with the Burning of Charles Town, June 17, 1775. American Revolution, Battle of Bunker Hill (aka Breed's Hill), June 17, 1775. Hand-colored engraving presents view across the harbor showing Boston at left, and Charlestown in flames at right. The battle takes place on the on hillside at right, with troops being ferried across harbor. The images is framed by scrolled and foliate design (engraving) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067664: American Revolution, Battle of Bunker Hill (aka Breed's Hill), June 17, 1775. Ranks of British grenadiers advancing uphill into American gunfire. The first two British assaults failed, leaving the battlefield littered with hundreds of the dead and wounded. The third attack prevailed because the American ran out of Ammunition. Watercolor by R.T. Cooper, c. 1900 (ink and watercolour), Cooper, Richard Tennant (1884-1957) / Bridgeman Images
EVB7067669: American Revolution, Battle of Bunker Hill (aka Breed's Hill), June 17, 1775. British soldier's in long boats row to shore and form ranks in preparation for their uphill assault on the American redoubt on the top of the hill. British bombardment from a battery on the left shore has set Charles Town ablaze. Warships are also shelling the battlefield. (engraving) / Bridgeman Images